Python Documentation

File: README.md Copy Chapter

Implementations are for learning purposes only. They may be less efficient than the implementations in the Python standard library. Use them at your discretion.

🚀 Getting Started Copy Chapter

📋 Read through our Contribution Guidelines before you contribute.

🌐 Community Channels Copy Chapter

We are on Discord and Gitter! Community channels are a great way for you to ask questions and get help. Please join us!

📜 List of Algorithms Copy Chapter

See our directory for easier navigation and a better overview of the project.

File: .devcontainer/README.md Copy Chapter

Development Container

This is Devcontainer configuration to provide a consistent development environment for all contributors.

Features Copy Chapter

• Pre-configured Python environment
• Automatic installation of pre-commit hooks
• Ruff linter ready to check your code
• Oh My Zsh with plugins:
• zsh-autosuggestions
• zsh-syntax-highlighting

Usage Copy Chapter

1. Install Docker and Visual Studio Code

2. Install the Remote - Containers extension in VS Code

   • Do CTRL+P, paste this command and press Enter

     shell Copy

     ext install ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers

3. Open this repository in VS Code

4. When prompted, click "Reopen in Container"

5. Wait for the environment to build and initialize

After setup:

• pre-commit hooks are installed
• ruff and other tools are available
• The shell uses Zsh by default

Tips Copy Chapter

To manually run checks on all files:

pre-commit run --all-files

For further information here's Microsoft tutorial about devcontainers.

File: audio_filters/README.md Copy Chapter

Audio Filter

Audio filters work on the frequency of an audio signal to attenuate unwanted frequency and amplify wanted ones.
They are used within anything related to sound, whether it is radio communication or a hi-fi system.

• https://www.masteringbox.com/filter-types/
• http://ethanwiner.com/filters.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_filter
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter

File: backtracking/README.md Copy Chapter

Backtracking

Backtracking is a way to speed up the search process by removing candidates when they can't be the solution of a problem.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backtracking
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_pruning
• https://medium.com/@priyankmistry1999/backtracking-sudoku-6e4439e4825c
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sudoku-backtracking-7/

File: bit_manipulation/README.md Copy Chapter

Bit manipulation

Bit manipulation is the act of manipulating bits to detect errors (hamming code), encrypts and decrypts messages (more on that in the 'ciphers' folder) or just do anything at the lowest level of your computer.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_manipulation
• https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
• https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations
• https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types
• https://wiki.python.org/moin/BitManipulation
• https://wiki.python.org/moin/BitwiseOperators
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python3/bitwise_operators_example.htm

File: blockchain/README.md Copy Chapter

Blockchain

A Blockchain is a type of distributed ledger technology (DLT) that consists of a growing list of records, called blocks, that are securely linked together using cryptography.

Let's break down the terminologies in the above definition. We find below terminologies,

• Digital Ledger Technology (DLT)
• Blocks
• Cryptography

Digital Ledger Technology Copy Chapter

Blockchain is also called distributed ledger technology. It is simply the opposite of a centralized database. Firstly, what is a ledger? A ledger is a book or collection of accounts that records account transactions.

Why is Blockchain addressed as a digital ledger if it can record more than account transactions? What other transaction details and information can it hold?

Digital Ledger Technology is just a ledger that is shared among multiple nodes. This way there exists no need for a central authority to hold the info. Okay, how is it differentiated from a central database and what are their benefits?

Suppose that there is an organization that has 4 branches whose data are stored in a centralized database. So even if one branch needs any data from the ledger it needs approval from the database in charge. And if one hacks the central database he gets to tamper and control all the data.

Now let's assume every branch has a copy of the ledger and then once anything is added to the ledger by any branch it is gonna automatically reflect in all other ledgers available in other branches. This is done using a peer-to-peer network.

This means that even if information is tampered with in one branch we can find out. If one branch is hacked we can be alerted, so we can safeguard other branches. Now, assume these branches as computers or nodes and the ledger is a transaction record or digital receipt. If one ledger is hacked in a node we can detect since there will be a mismatch in comparison with other node information. So this is the concept of Digital Ledger Technology.

Is it required for all nodes to have access to all information in other nodes? Wouldn't this require enormous storage space in each node?

Blocks Copy Chapter

In short, a block is nothing but a collection of records with a labelled header. These are connected cryptographically. Once a new block is added to a chain, the previous block is connected, more precisely said as locked, and hence will remain unaltered. We can understand this concept once we get a clear understanding of the working mechanism of blockchain.

Cryptography Copy Chapter

Cryptography is the practice and study of secure communication techniques amid adversarial behavior. More broadly, cryptography is the creation and analysis of protocols that prevent third parties or the general public from accessing private messages.

Which cryptography technology is most widely used in blockchain and why?

So, in general, blockchain technology is a distributed record holder that records the information about ownership of an asset. To define precisely,

Blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger that makes it easier to record transactions and track assets in a corporate network.
An asset could be tangible (such as a house, car, cash, or land) or intangible (such as a business) (intellectual property, patents, copyrights, branding). A blockchain network can track and sell almost anything of value, lowering risk and costs for everyone involved.

So this is all about the introduction to blockchain technology. To learn more about the topic refer below links....

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_remainder_theorem
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_equation
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/modular-division/

File: boolean_algebra/README.md Copy Chapter

Boolean Algebra

Boolean algebra is used to do arithmetic with bits of values True (1) or False (0).
There are three basic operations: 'and', 'or' and 'not'.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra
• https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boolalg-math/

File: cellular_automata/README.md Copy Chapter

Cellular Automata

Cellular automata are a way to simulate the behavior of "life", no matter if it is a robot or cell.
They usually follow simple rules but can lead to the creation of complex forms.
The most popular cellular automaton is Conway's Game of Life.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton
• https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ElementaryCellularAutomaton.html

File: ciphers/README.md Copy Chapter

Ciphers

Ciphers are used to protect data from people that are not allowed to have it. They are everywhere on the internet to protect your connections.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher
• http://practicalcryptography.com/ciphers/
• https://practicalcryptography.com/ciphers/classical-era/

File: computer_vision/README.md Copy Chapter

Computer Vision

Computer vision is a field of computer science that works on enabling computers to see, identify and process images in the same way that human does, and provide appropriate output.

It is like imparting human intelligence and instincts to a computer.
Image processing and computer vision are a little different from each other. Image processing means applying some algorithms for transforming image from one form to the other like smoothing, contrasting, stretching, etc.

While computer vision comes from modelling image processing using the techniques of machine learning, computer vision applies machine learning to recognize patterns for interpretation of images (much like the process of visual reasoning of human vision).

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision