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MimiClaw: Personal Agent on a $5 chip. No OS(Linux). No Node.js. No Mac mini. No Raspberry Pi. No VPS. Hardware agents OS. On device Muse.
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docs - System Architecture & Module Boundaries
docs/ARCHITECTURE.md project-spec ~4,108 tokens# MimiClaw Architecture
> ESP32-S3 AI Agent firmware — C/FreeRTOS implementation running on bare metal (no Linux).
---
## System Overview
```
Telegram App (User)
│
│ HTTPS Long Polling
│
▼
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ESP32-S3 (MimiClaw) │
│ │
│ ┌─────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐ │
│ │ Telegram │──────▶│ Inbound Queue │ │
│ │ Poller │ └────────┬─────────┘ │
│ │ (Core 0) │ │ │
│ └─────────────┘ ▼ │
│ ┌────────────────────────┐ │
│ ┌─────────────┐ │ Agent Loop │ │
│ │ WebSocket │─▶│ (Core 1) │ │
│ │ Server │ │ │ │
│ │ (:18789) │ │ Context ──▶ LLM Proxy │ │
│ └─────────────┘ │ Builder (HTTPS) │ │
│ │ ▲ │ │ │
│ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ tool_use? │ │
│ │ Serial CLI │ │ │ ▼ │ │
│ │ (Core 0) │ │ Tool Results ◀─ Tools │ │
│ └─────────────┘ │ (web_search)│ │
│ └──────────┬─────────────┘ │
│ │ │
│ ┌──────▼───────┐ │
│ │ Outbound Queue│ │
│ └──────┬───────┘ │
│ │ │
│ ┌──────▼───────┐ │
│ │ Outbound │ │
│ │ Dispatch │ │
│ │ (Core 0) │ │
│ └──┬────────┬──┘ │
│ │ │ │
│ Telegram WebSocket │
│ sendMessage send │
│ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ SPIFFS (12 MB) │ │
│ │ /spiffs/config/ SOUL.md, USER.md │ │
│ │ /spiffs/memory/ MEMORY.md, YYYY-MM-DD │ │
│ │ /spiffs/sessions/ tg_<chat_id>.jsonl │ │
│ └──────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│
│ Anthropic Messages API (HTTPS)
│ + Brave Search API (HTTPS)
▼
┌───────────┐ ┌──────────────┐
│ Claude API │ │ Brave Search │
└───────────┘ └──────────────┘
```
---
## Data Flow
```
1. User sends message on Telegram (or WebSocket)
2. Channel poller receives message, wraps in mimi_msg_t
3. Message pushed to Inbound Queue (FreeRTOS xQueue)
4. Agent Loop (Core 1) pops message:
a. Load session history from SPIFFS (JSONL)
b. Build system prompt (SOUL.md + USER.md + MEMORY.md + recent notes + tool guidance)
c. Build cJSON messages array (history + current message)
d. ReAct loop (max 10 iterations):
i. Call Claude API via HTTPS (non-streaming, with tools array)
ii. Parse JSON response → text blocks + tool_use blocks
iii. If stop_reason == "tool_use":
- Execute each tool (e.g. web_search → Brave Search API)
- Append assistant content + tool_result to messages
- Continue loop
iv. If stop_reason == "end_turn": break with final text
e. Save user message + final assistant text to session file
f. Push response to Outbound Queue
5. Outbound Dispatch (Core 0) pops response:
a. Route by channel field ("telegram" → sendMessage, "websocket" → WS frame)
6. User receives reply
```
---
## Module Map
```
main/
├── mimi.c Entry point — app_main() orchestrates init + startup
├── mimi_config.h All compile-time constants + build-time secrets include
├── mimi_secrets.h Build-time credentials (gitignored, highest priority)
├── mimi_secrets.h.example Template for mimi_secrets.h
│
├── bus/
│ ├── message_bus.h mimi_msg_t struct, queue API
│ └── message_bus.c Two FreeRTOS queues: inbound + outbound
│
├── wifi/
│ ├── wifi_manager.h WiFi STA lifecycle API
│ └── wifi_manager.c Event handler, exponential backoff
│
├── telegram/
│ ├── telegram_bot.h Bot init/start, send_message API
│ └── telegram_bot.c Long polling loop, JSON parsing, message splitting
│
├── llm/
│ ├── llm_proxy.h llm_chat() + llm_chat_tools() API, tool_use types
│ └── llm_proxy.c Anthropic Messages API (non-streaming), tool_use parsing
│
├── agent/
│ ├── agent_loop.h Agent task init/start
│ ├── agent_loop.c ReAct loop: LLM call → tool execution → repeat
│ ├── context_builder.h System prompt + messages builder API
│ └── context_builder.c Reads bootstrap files + memory + tool guidance
│
├── tools/
│ ├── tool_registry.h Tool definition struct, register/dispatch API
│ ├── tool_registry.c Tool registration, JSON schema builder, dispatch by name
│ ├── tool_web_search.h Web search tool API
│ └── tool_web_search.c Brave Search API via HTTPS (direct + proxy)
│
├── memory/
│ ├── memory_store.h Long-term + daily memory API
│ ├── memory_store.c MEMORY.md read/write, daily .md append/read
│ ├── session_mgr.h Per-chat session API
│ └── session_mgr.c JSONL session files, ring buffer history
│
├── gateway/
│ ├── ws_server.h WebSocket server API
│ └── ws_server.c ESP HTTP server with WS upgrade, client tracking
│
├── proxy/
│ ├── http_proxy.h Proxy connection API
│ └── http_proxy.c HTTP CONNECT tunnel + TLS via esp_tls
│
├── cli/
│ ├── serial_cli.h CLI init API
│ └── serial_cli.c esp_console REPL with debug/maintenance commands
│
└── ota/
├── ota_manager.h OTA update API
└── ota_manager.c esp_https_ota wrapper
```
---
## FreeRTOS Task Layout
| Task | Core | Priority | Stack | Description |
|--------------------|------|----------|--------|--------------------------------------|
| `tg_poll` | 0 | 5 | 12 KB | Telegram long polling (30s timeout) |
| `agent_loop` | 1 | 6 | 12 KB | Message processing + Claude API call |
| `outbound` | 0 | 5 | 8 KB | Route responses to Telegram / WS |
| `serial_cli` | 0 | 3 | 4 KB | USB serial console REPL |
| httpd (internal) | 0 | 5 | — | WebSocket server (esp_http_server) |
| wifi_event (IDF) | 0 | 8 | — | WiFi event handling (ESP-IDF) |
**Core allocation strategy**: Core 0 handles I/O (network, serial, WiFi). Core 1 is dedicated to the agent loop (CPU-bound JSON building + waiting on HTTPS).
---
## Memory Budget
| Purpose | Location | Size |
|------------------------------------|----------------|----------|
| FreeRTOS task stacks | Internal SRAM | ~40 KB |
| WiFi buffers | Internal SRAM | ~30 KB |
| TLS connections x2 (Telegram + Claude) | PSRAM | ~120 KB |
| JSON parse buffers | PSRAM | ~32 KB |
| Session history cache | PSRAM | ~32 KB |
| System prompt buffer | PSRAM | ~16 KB |
| LLM response stream buffer | PSRAM | ~32 KB |
| Remaining available | PSRAM | ~7.7 MB |
Large buffers (32 KB+) are allocated from PSRAM via `heap_caps_calloc(1, size, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM)`.
---
## Flash Partition Layout
```
Offset Size Name Purpose
─────────────────────────────────────────────
0x009000 24 KB nvs ESP-IDF internal use (WiFi calibration etc.)
0x00F000 8 KB otadata OTA boot state
0x011000 4 KB phy_init WiFi PHY calibration
0x020000 2 MB ota_0 Firmware slot A
0x220000 2 MB ota_1 Firmware slot B
0x420000 12 MB spiffs Markdown memory, sessions, config
0xFF0000 64 KB coredump Crash dump storage
```
Total: 16 MB flash.
---
## Storage Layout (SPIFFS)
SPIFFS is a flat filesystem — no real directories. Files use path-like names.
```
/spiffs/config/SOUL.md AI personality definition
/spiffs/config/USER.md User profile
/spiffs/memory/MEMORY.md Long-term persistent memory
/spiffs/memory/2026-02-05.md Daily notes (one file per day)
/spiffs/sessions/tg_12345.jsonl Session history (one file per Telegram chat)
```
Session files are JSONL (one JSON object per line):
```json
{"role":"user","content":"Hello","ts":1738764800}
{"role":"assistant","content":"Hi there!","ts":1738764802}
```
---
## Configuration
All configuration is done exclusively through `mimi_secrets.h` at build time. There is no runtime configuration — changing any setting requires `idf.py fullclean && idf.py build`.
| Define | Description |
|------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| `MIMI_SECRET_WIFI_SSID` | WiFi SSID |
| `MIMI_SECRET_WIFI_PASS` | WiFi password |
| `MIMI_SECRET_TG_TOKEN` | Telegram Bot API token |
| `MIMI_SECRET_API_KEY` | Anthropic API key |
| `MIMI_SECRET_MODEL` | Model ID (default: claude-opus-4-6) |
| `MIMI_SECRET_PROXY_HOST` | HTTP proxy hostname/IP (optional) |
| `MIMI_SECRET_PROXY_PORT` | HTTP proxy port (optional) |
| `MIMI_SECRET_SEARCH_KEY` | Brave Search API key (optional) |
NVS is still initialized (required by ESP-IDF WiFi internals) but is not used for application configuration.
---
## Message Bus Protocol
The internal message bus uses two FreeRTOS queues carrying `mimi_msg_t`:
```c
typedef struct {
char channel[16]; // "telegram", "websocket", "cli"
char chat_id[32]; // Telegram chat ID or WS client ID
char *content; // Heap-allocated text (ownership transferred)
} mimi_msg_t;
```
- **Inbound queue**: channels → agent loop (depth: 8)
- **Outbound queue**: agent loop → dispatch → channels (depth: 8)
- Content string ownership is transferred on push; receiver must `free()`.
---
## WebSocket Protocol
Port: **18789**. Max clients: **4**.
**Client → Server:**
```json
{"type": "message", "content": "Hello", "chat_id": "ws_client1"}
```
**Server → Client:**
```json
{"type": "response", "content": "Hi there!", "chat_id": "ws_client1"}
```
Client `chat_id` is auto-assigned on connection (`ws_<fd>`) but can be overridden in the first message.
---
## Claude API Integration
Endpoint: `POST https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages`
Request format (Anthropic-native, non-streaming, with tools):
```json
{
"model": "claude-opus-4-6",
"max_tokens": 4096,
"system": "<system prompt>",
"tools": [
{
"name": "web_search",
"description": "Search the web for current information.",
"input_schema": {"type": "object", "properties": {"query": {"type": "string"}}, "required": ["query"]}
}
],
"messages": [
{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"},
{"role": "assistant", "content": "Hi!"},
{"role": "user", "content": "What's the weather today?"}
]
}
```
Key difference from OpenAI: `system` is a top-level field, not inside the `messages` array.
Non-streaming JSON response:
```json
{
"id": "msg_xxx",
"type": "message",
"role": "assistant",
"content": [
{"type": "text", "text": "Let me search for that."},
{"type": "tool_use", "id": "toolu_xxx", "name": "web_search", "input": {"query": "weather today"}}
],
"stop_reason": "tool_use"
}
```
When `stop_reason` is `"tool_use"`, the agent loop executes each tool and sends results back:
```json
{"role": "assistant", "content": [<text + tool_use blocks>]}
{"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "tool_result", "tool_use_id": "toolu_xxx", "content": "..."}]}
```
The loop repeats until `stop_reason` is `"end_turn"` (max 10 iterations).
---
## Startup Sequence
```
app_main()
├── init_nvs() NVS flash init (erase if corrupted)
├── esp_event_loop_create_default()
├── init_spiffs() Mount SPIFFS at /spiffs
├── message_bus_init() Create inbound + outbound queues
├── memory_store_init() Verify SPIFFS paths
├── session_mgr_init()
├── wifi_manager_init() Init WiFi STA mode + event handlers
├── http_proxy_init() Load proxy config from build-time secrets
├── telegram_bot_init() Load bot token from build-time secrets
├── llm_proxy_init() Load API key + model from build-time secrets
├── tool_registry_init() Register tools, build tools JSON
├── agent_loop_init()
├── serial_cli_init() Start REPL (works without WiFi)
│
├── wifi_manager_start() Connect using build-time credentials
│ └── wifi_manager_wait_connected(30s)
│
└── [if WiFi connected]
├── telegram_bot_start() Launch tg_poll task (Core 0)
├── agent_loop_start() Launch agent_loop task (Core 1)
├── ws_server_start() Start httpd on port 18789
└── outbound_dispatch task Launch outbound task (Core 0)
```
If WiFi credentials are missing or connection times out, the CLI remains available for diagnostics.
---
## Serial CLI Commands
The CLI provides debug and maintenance commands only. All configuration is done via `mimi_secrets.h`.
| Command | Description |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| `wifi_status` | Show connection status and IP |
| `memory_read` | Print MEMORY.md contents |
| `memory_write <CONTENT>` | Overwrite MEMORY.md |
| `session_list` | List all session files |
| `session_clear <CHAT_ID>` | Delete a session file |
| `heap_info` | Show internal + PSRAM free bytes |
| `restart` | Reboot the device |
| `help` | List all available commands |
---
## Nanobot Reference Mapping
| Nanobot Module | MimiClaw Equivalent | Notes |
|-----------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------------|
| `agent/loop.py` | `agent/agent_loop.c` | ReAct loop with tool use |
| `agent/context.py` | `agent/context_builder.c` | Loads SOUL.md + USER.md + memory + tool guidance |
| `agent/memory.py` | `memory/memory_store.c` | MEMORY.md + daily notes |
| `session/manager.py` | `memory/session_mgr.c` | JSONL per chat, ring buffer |
| `channels/telegram.py` | `telegram/telegram_bot.c` | Raw HTTP, no python-telegram-bot |
| `bus/events.py` + `queue.py`| `bus/message_bus.c` | FreeRTOS queues vs asyncio |
| `providers/litellm_provider.py` | `llm/llm_proxy.c` | Direct Anthropic API only |
| `config/schema.py` | `mimi_config.h` + `mimi_secrets.h` | Build-time secrets only |
| `cli/commands.py` | `cli/serial_cli.c` | esp_console REPL |
| `agent/tools/*` | `tools/tool_registry.c` + `tool_web_search.c` | web_search via Brave API |
| `agent/subagent.py` | *(not yet implemented)* | See TODO.md |
| `agent/skills.py` | *(not yet implemented)* | See TODO.md |
| `cron/service.py` | *(not yet implemented)* | See TODO.md |
| `heartbeat/service.py` | *(not yet implemented)* | See TODO.md |